:root{--ink:#000000;--muted:#566171;--blue:#425B76;--rule:#D4DAE2;--paper:#FFFFFF;--soft:#F7F9FC;--accent:#2458A6;font-family:Inter,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,"Segoe UI","PingFang SC","Microsoft YaHei",sans-serif;color:var(--ink);background:var(--paper);font-synthesis:none;scroll-behavior:smooth}
*{box-sizing:border-box}body{margin:0}a{color:var(--accent);text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-underline-offset:4px}button,select{font:inherit}button{cursor:pointer}button:focus-visible,a:focus-visible,select:focus-visible,summary:focus-visible,[tabindex]:focus-visible{outline:3px solid var(--accent);outline-offset:4px}button:disabled{cursor:default;opacity:.5}.skip{position:fixed;top:-100px;z-index:99;background:white;padding:12px}.skip:focus{top:5px}.topbar{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:20;background:rgba(255,255,255,.98);border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:24px;padding:17px max(24px,calc((100vw - 1120px)/2));font-size:13px}.wordmark{color:var(--blue);font-weight:750;text-decoration:none;letter-spacing:.04em;white-space:nowrap}.wordmark span{font-weight:400;color:var(--muted);letter-spacing:0}.topbar nav{display:flex;gap:25px}.topbar nav a{color:var(--accent);text-decoration:none}.topbar nav a:hover{color:var(--blue)}.language{display:flex;gap:3px;border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:6px;padding:3px}.language button{border:0;border-radius:3px;background:transparent;padding:5px 10px;font-size:12px;color:var(--muted)}.language button[aria-pressed=true]{background:var(--blue);color:white}.prose{width:min(760px,calc(100% - 44px));margin-inline:auto}.hero{padding-top:75px;padding-bottom:36px}.eyebrow,.section-number{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:.14em;font-weight:650;color:var(--blue)}h1,h2{font-family:Georgia,"Times New Roman","Songti SC","Noto Serif CJK SC",serif;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:-.035em}h1{font-size:clamp(43px,5.2vw,64px);line-height:1.07;margin:23px 0 25px}h2{font-size:clamp(29px,3.3vw,40px);line-height:1.16;margin:14px 0 24px}h3{font-size:19px;font-weight:600;margin:8px 0}p{font-size:17px;line-height:1.8;margin:0 0 19px}.dek{font-size:21px;line-height:1.55;max-width:680px;color:#414A57}.authors{font-size:13px;color:var(--ink);margin-top:26px;margin-bottom:12px}.resources{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;gap:18px;font-size:12px}.resources span{color:var(--muted);margin-left:auto}.opening{padding-top:28px;border-top:1px solid var(--rule)}strong{font-weight:650}.aside{margin:23px 0 20px;border-left:2px solid var(--rule);padding:4px 0 4px 18px;color:#414A57}.aside summary{font-size:14px;cursor:pointer;font-weight:600}.aside p{font-size:15px;margin:14px 0 0;line-height:1.75}.section-number{margin-bottom:0}section{padding-top:64px;scroll-margin-top:85px}.equation{display:flex;gap:20px;justify-content:center;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;background:var(--soft);padding:22px 15px;margin:25px 0;font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:20px;border-radius:3px}.equation b{color:var(--blue)}.arrow{font-family:system-ui;color:var(--blue)}.plot-block{width:min(1040px,calc(100% - 36px));margin:32px auto 28px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:6px;padding:26px 30px 12px;box-shadow:0 5px 25px #18252f04}.figure-head{margin-bottom:18px}.figure-no{font-size:10px;letter-spacing:.13em;color:var(--blue);font-weight:700}.figure-head p{font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--muted);margin:7px 0 0}.controls{display:flex;gap:16px;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:end;padding:15px 0;border-top:1px solid var(--rule);border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule)}.controls label{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:7px;font-size:11px;color:var(--muted)}select{border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:4px;padding:8px 30px 8px 10px;max-width:100%;background:white;color:var(--ink);font-size:13px;min-height:37px}.play{margin-left:auto;border:1px solid var(--rule);background:var(--soft);color:var(--blue);border-radius:4px;padding:9px 13px;font-size:12px;min-height:37px}.chart{width:100%;overflow-x:auto}.chart svg{display:block;width:100%;height:auto;overflow:visible;min-width:540px;font-family:inherit}.chart svg text{fill:var(--ink);font-size:12px}.chart svg .axis-text{fill:var(--muted);font-size:11px}.chart svg .axis-title{fill:var(--muted);font-size:12px}.chart svg .grid{stroke:#E8ECF1;stroke-width:1}.chart svg .zero{stroke:#AAB4C2;stroke-dasharray:4 4;stroke-width:1}.chart svg .mark{cursor:crosshair}.chart svg .mark:focus-visible{outline:0;stroke:#111;stroke-width:3}.chart-legend{display:flex;justify-content:center;gap:22px;font-size:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:-6px 0 18px}.legend-dot{display:inline-block;width:9px;height:9px;border-radius:50%;margin-right:6px;vertical-align:middle}.method-legend{display:flex;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap;padding:16px 0 0}.method-legend button{padding:5px 11px;background:white;border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:20px;font-size:12px}.method-legend button[aria-pressed=false]{opacity:.35}.chart-note{font-size:12px;line-height:1.65;color:var(--muted);margin:10px 0 16px}.table-details{border-top:1px solid var(--rule);padding:12px 0}.table-details summary{font-size:12px;color:var(--blue);cursor:pointer}.table-scroll{overflow:auto;max-height:340px;margin-top:12px}table{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:12px;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}th,td{text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;padding:8px 11px;border-bottom:1px solid #E8ECF1}th{font-weight:600;color:#414A57;background:var(--soft)}th:first-child,td:first-child{text-align:left}.closing{padding-top:67px;padding-bottom:35px}.takeaway{font-family:Georgia,"Songti SC",serif;font-size:26px;line-height:1.5;letter-spacing:-.015em;color:var(--blue);border-top:1px solid var(--rule);margin:30px 0 0;padding-top:25px}footer{padding:30px 0 50px;border-top:1px solid var(--rule)}footer p{font-size:12px;color:var(--muted);line-height:1.7}.footer-links{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:22px;font-size:12px;margin:17px 0 23px}.fine{font-size:11px}#tooltip{position:fixed;z-index:30;pointer-events:none;max-width:310px;background:var(--blue);color:white;font-size:12px;line-height:1.65;padding:12px 15px;border-radius:5px;white-space:pre-line;box-shadow:0 4px 20px #0002}html[lang=zh-CN] h1{font-size:clamp(39px,5vw,61px);line-height:1.25;letter-spacing:-.025em}html[lang=zh-CN] h2{letter-spacing:0;font-size:34px}html[lang=zh-CN] p{line-height:1.95}html[lang=zh-CN] .figure-head p{line-height:1.7}html[lang=zh-CN] .takeaway{font-size:24px}html[lang=zh-CN] .chart-note{line-height:1.7}
@media(max-width:700px){.topbar{padding:12px 17px;gap:12px}.topbar nav{display:none}.wordmark span{font-size:11px}.hero{padding-top:45px}.resources span{width:100%;margin:0}.plot-block{padding:20px 16px 8px;width:calc(100% - 24px)}.controls{gap:12px}select{font-size:12px}.play{margin-left:0}.equation{font-size:17px;gap:10px}.equation .arrow{width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1}.chart-legend{margin-top:12px}.chart-note:before{content:"↔ ";color:var(--blue)}section{padding-top:45px}.chart svg{min-width:540px}.dek{font-size:19px}p{font-size:16px}html[lang=zh-CN] h2{font-size:29px}}
@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){:root{scroll-behavior:auto}}@media print{.topbar,.controls,.table-details,.footer-links,.method-legend{display:none}.plot-block{break-inside:avoid;box-shadow:none}.hero{padding-top:0}.chart svg{min-width:0}section{padding-top:25px}details.aside{display:none}body{background:white}.prose{width:90%}}

/* Font-free SVG math, typeset from LaTeX with \bm. */
.math-display{display:block;max-width:100%;min-width:0;overflow-x:auto;padding:14px 4px;font-size:22px;color:var(--ink);line-height:1.2;text-align:center}
.math-display .math-svg{display:inline-block;max-width:none;flex-shrink:0;vertical-align:middle!important}
.math-inline{display:inline-block;line-height:1;white-space:nowrap}
.math-inline .math-svg{display:inline-block;max-width:none}
.method-equations{margin:24px 0 28px;border-top:1px solid var(--rule);border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);padding:7px 0 14px;scroll-margin-top:90px}
.method-formula{display:grid;grid-template-columns:72px minmax(0,1fr);align-items:center;gap:16px;padding:8px 0}
.method-formula>strong{font-size:14px;color:var(--blue)}
.method-formula .math-display{text-align:left;padding-left:0}
.notation-note{font-size:13px;color:var(--muted);line-height:1.7;margin:8px 0 0}
.math-details h3{font-size:14px;margin-top:23px;color:var(--ink)}
.math-details .math-display,.aside .math-display{font-size:20px;margin:12px 0}
.equation.math-display{display:block;padding:24px 16px}
@media(max-width:700px){.method-formula{grid-template-columns:56px minmax(0,1fr);gap:10px}.math-display{font-size:19px}.math-details .math-display,.aside .math-display{font-size:18px}.notation-note{font-size:12px}}

/* Formula copying and a plain-text citation, with no external dependencies. */
.copy-source{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;gap:6px;border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:4px;padding:6px 9px;background:var(--paper);color:var(--blue);font-family:inherit;font-size:11px;line-height:1.3;white-space:nowrap}
.copy-source:hover,.copy-source.copied{background:#EEF3FA;border-color:#A8BDDC}
.copy-source svg{fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:1.5;flex:none}
.math-display{position:relative;overflow:visible;padding-top:36px}
.math-scroll{display:block;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;padding:3px 0}
.copy-math{position:absolute;right:2px;top:1px;font-weight:500}
.method-formula .math-display{padding-top:36px}
.math-inline[role=button]{cursor:copy;border-radius:2px}
.math-inline[role=button]:hover{background:#EEF3FA;box-shadow:0 1px 0 #A8BDDC}
.equation.math-display{padding-top:43px}
.equation .copy-math{top:8px;right:8px}
.math-copy-hint{margin:9px 0 0;font-size:11px;color:var(--muted);line-height:1.6}
.citation{padding:34px 0 30px;border-top:1px solid var(--rule);scroll-margin-top:90px}
.citation-head{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:15px;margin-bottom:15px}
.citation-head h2{margin:0;font-size:28px}
.citation-code{margin:0 0 14px;padding:20px;background:var(--soft);border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:4px;white-space:pre-wrap;overflow-wrap:anywhere;font-size:12px;line-height:1.7;tab-size:2}
.citation-code code{font-family:ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Consolas,monospace;user-select:text}
.citation-download{font-size:12px}
#copy-notice{position:fixed;bottom:24px;left:50%;transform:translateX(-50%);z-index:40;padding:10px 18px;border-radius:5px;background:var(--blue);color:white;font-size:13px;box-shadow:0 3px 15px #0002}
#copy-dialog{width:min(700px,calc(100vw - 32px));padding:24px;border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:8px;color:var(--ink);background:var(--paper)}
#copy-dialog::backdrop{background:#18252f66}
.copy-dialog-head{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:20px}
.copy-dialog-head h2{font-size:26px;margin:0 0 15px}
#copy-fallback-hint{font-size:14px;margin:5px 0 12px}
#copy-fallback{display:block;width:100%;height:190px;min-height:100px;resize:vertical;padding:12px;border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:4px;background:white;color:var(--ink);font:13px/1.6 ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,Consolas,monospace}
@media(max-width:700px){.copy-math{font-size:10px;padding:6px 7px}.citation-code{padding:15px;font-size:11px}.citation-head h2{font-size:26px}}
@media print{.copy-source,.math-copy-hint,#copy-notice,#copy-dialog{display:none!important}.math-display,.method-formula .math-display{padding-top:14px}.math-scroll{overflow:visible}.citation{break-inside:avoid}}

.math-display,.math-inline{user-select:text;-webkit-user-select:text}
.math-selected .math-svg{background:#cce2f4;border-radius:2px}
.copy-source,.math-copy-hint{user-select:none;-webkit-user-select:none}

/* Visible theory and measured-configuration Pareto playback. */
.theory{margin:28px 0 36px}.theory h3,.empirical-title{font-size:21px;line-height:1.5;margin:35px 0 17px;color:var(--blue)}
.theory .math-display{margin:16px 0 23px}.theory .equation{padding-bottom:25px}.theory .aside .math-display{font-size:19px}
.pareto-controls{border-top:1px solid var(--rule);padding-top:14px}.pareto-playback{display:flex;gap:14px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap}.pareto-playback .play{margin:0;min-width:188px}.pareto-playback label{font-size:11px;color:var(--muted)}
#pareto-progress{flex:1;min-width:130px;accent-color:var(--blue);cursor:ew-resize;min-height:30px}
.pareto-motion,.pareto-key{font-size:11px;line-height:1.65;color:var(--muted);margin:9px 0 12px}.pareto-key{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;color:#414A57}
.pareto-status{font-size:11px;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;color:var(--blue);min-height:32px;margin:2px 0 8px;line-height:1.8}
.pareto-counts{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:9px 18px;flex-wrap:wrap;background:var(--soft);padding:13px 15px;margin-bottom:16px;border-radius:4px;font-size:12px}.frontier-count-title{width:100%;font-size:10px;color:var(--muted)}.frontier-count{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:6px}.frontier-count i{height:8px;width:8px;border-radius:50%}.frontier-count b{margin-left:3px}.frontier-count.muted{opacity:.4}
.chart svg .reveal-guide{stroke:#667182;stroke-width:.8;stroke-dasharray:2 5;opacity:.6}.reveal-ring{pointer-events:none}
[hidden]{display:none!important}
@media(max-width:700px){.theory h3,.empirical-title{font-size:19px}.pareto-playback{gap:8px 12px}.pareto-playback .play{min-width:0}.pareto-playback label{width:calc(100% - 190px)}.pareto-playback input{flex-basis:70%}.pareto-counts{gap:8px 12px}.pareto-key{font-size:10px}}
@media print{.pareto-controls,.pareto-status{display:none}.theory .equation{break-inside:avoid}}
@media(max-width:700px){.theory .math-display{font-size:18px}}
#theory{scroll-margin-top:90px}
.method-legend button[data-active=true]{border-color:var(--blue);box-shadow:0 0 0 1px var(--blue);background:var(--soft)}

.axes-editor{border-bottom:1px solid var(--rule);padding:12px 0;color:var(--muted)}.axes-editor summary{font-size:12px;cursor:pointer;color:var(--blue)}.axes-fields{display:flex;gap:10px;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:end;padding:13px 0 3px}.axes-fields label{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:6px;font-size:11px;flex:1;min-width:110px}.axes-fields input{width:100%;min-height:35px;border:1px solid var(--rule);border-radius:4px;padding:7px;font:12px ui-monospace,SFMono-Regular,monospace;color:var(--ink);background:white}.axes-fields button{min-height:35px}.axes-error{font-size:12px;color:#a64c43;margin:10px 0 0}.axes-fields input:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--blue);outline-offset:2px}
@media(max-width:700px){.axes-fields label{flex-basis:42%;min-width:0}}@media print{.axes-editor{display:none}}

/* Author homepages and text links use the project page’s blue accent. */
.authors a{white-space:nowrap;text-decoration:none}.authors a:hover{text-decoration:underline}a:hover{text-decoration-color:currentColor}

.restore-swatch{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:12px;margin-right:7px;border:1px solid #596879;vertical-align:-1px}.chart svg .restore-mark:focus-visible .restore-bar{stroke:#111;stroke-width:3}